Instructional Aids
• Sensory devices used by instructors for supplying concrete basis for conceptual thinking of students and
• Hence reducing their vague word explanations.
Meaning of Instructional Aids
• Teaching aids which have effect on our organs of
– Audibility and
– Sight
• Also known as Audiovisual Aids.
Meaning of Audiovisual Aids
• “Audiovisual aids are those sensory objects or images which
• initiate or
• stimulate
• and reinforce learning.” (Burton)
• “Audiovisual aids are those devices by the use of which
• communication of ideas
• between persons and groups
• in various teaching and training situations is helped.
• These are also termed as multi-sensory materials.” (Edger Dale)
Types of AV Aids
- Visual
- Audio
- Audiovisual
1. Visual Aids
• The aids in which we use sense of vision. For example
• Actual objects
• Models
• Pictures
• Charts
• Maps
• Flash cards
• Flannel board
• Bulletin board
• Slides
• Overhead projector etc.
2. Audio Aids
• The aids involving the sense of hearing
• For Example
• Radio
• Tape Recorder
3. Audiovisual Aids
• The aids which involve the sense of
– vision as well as
– hearing
• For example
– Television.
Categorization of AV Aids
- Projected Aids
- Non-Projected Aids
1. Projected Aids
• Aids which help in their projection on the screen
• Examples
• Film strips
• Slides
• Film projector
• Slide projector etc.
2. Non-Projected Aids
• Aids which do not help in their projection on the screen
• Examples
• Writing-board
• Charts
• Actual objects
• Models
• Radio & tape-recorder etc.
Advantages of AV Aids
• Create Interest
• Mere lectures are too much of verbalism
• Give reality to the learning situation.
• Give vividness to the learning situation
• Give clarity to the learning situation
• Motivate the child and arouse his feelings of curiosity.
• Save time and labour
• Break monotony
• Make the abstract ideas concrete and make learning more effective.
• Provide variety in the classroom situations.
• Meet Individual Differences Requirement.
• Good substitute for direct experiences.
Characteristics of Good Instructional Aids
• Large enough to be seen by the students for whom they are used.
• Meaningful and they always stand to serve a useful purpose.
• Up to the mark and up-to-date in every respect.
• Simple, cheap and may be easily provided.
• Not very costly.
• Handy and easily portable.
• Accurate.
• Realistic.
• According to the mental level of the learners.
• Informative but not just entertaining.
• Motivate the learners.
• Capture the attention of the students.
• Help in the realization of stipulated learning objectives.
• Useful for supplementing the teaching process but they cannot replace the teacher.
Limitations of AV Aids
• Cannot be used in abstract and refined subjects.
• Cannot replace the instructor.
Precautions for Using Instructional Aids
• Students should be fully acquainted with the aids.
• The aids should be fully checked up before using them in the class.
• Should be well planned.
• Should serve vital purpose in learning.
• Instructor should make their use judiciously.
• Visible to the whole class.
• Use of writing board is good for teaching.
• An aid should not be used just for the sake of aid.
• should be used at the right time making it meaningful for the subject and the topic.
• In a lesson, too many aids should not be used.
• While using some special type of aids like radio, television, the students should be mentally prepared for it.
• should be in proper condition, worthy of showing in the classroom situation.
• While giving instructions and showing some aid, the teacher should not stand in front of it.
• Aids should not be allowed to become masters in the teaching-learning process.
• The use of different types of aids in teaching may be obligatory for sometime but ultimate goal of the teacher should be to teach well without the use of any aid
Common AV Aids used
- Writing board.
- Charts/flip charts.
- Models.
- Multimedia.
- Overhead projector.
- Real objects.
- Text Books.
Writing Board
• Different types of writing boards. For Example.
• Chalkboard.
• Magnetic board.
• White or colored board.
• Flannel board.
• Felt board.
• Bulletin board.
Guidelines for using writing Board
• Use colored chalk or markers.
• Start every class with a clean board.
• Write neatly, clearly, and orderly.
• Use the board to record students’ contributions
• write instructions on the board in spite of giving them orally.
• Keep personal supply of chalks and markers.
• Don’t block view of the board writing.
• Don’t write with your back to the audience.
• Plan,practice,and execute your board writing.
Guidelines for using Charts
• Most of the charts used in the classroom should be the work of the students.
• Charts should be planned well in advance.
• Make the charts simple.
• One major point is sufficient for a chart.
• Make them eye-catching.
• Use colors and pictures.
• Make them forceful. Emphasize the central idea.
• Charts should be visible. Letters and symbols should be large enough.
• Keep everything in proportion.
• Avoid too much writing and printing on the charts.
• Advantages
• Saves time of the instructor.
• Makes learning easier and effective.
• Can be used repeatedly and stored for a long time.
Overhead projector
• Different types of OHP.
• Write on transparency as on a writing board.
• Emphasize specific points in a lesson.
• Present pictures, drawings, diagrams and maps.
• Project an outline form.
• Cover the points which are not under discussion.
• Transparencies should be accurate and worth showing.
• Don’t try to move the OHP while it is on.
Flips Charts
• When designing flip chart pages for use in your sessions, ask yourself the following questions.
• Are they clear?
• Are they concise and well written?
• Are they simple?
• Are the graphic (right colours and clip art used)?
• Do they add value?
• Are they necessary (can points be made in other ways)?
General Tips for Use
• Flipcharts are inexpensive, yet effective training aids for small groups up to twenty five participants (depending on room configuration).
• They provide an easy way to capture key thoughts or to highlight information in small group settings. Some tips for using flipcharts are:
• Place the easel so that ceiling lighting shines onto the front of the page.
• Don’t write on the flipchart and talk at the same time. Write first; then face participants and talk.
• Stand to the right side of the easel as you face your audience if you’re right-handed;
• stand to the left side, if left-handed. This allows you to face your participants and easily turn to capture key discussion points on paper with your writing hand while turning pages with your free hand.
• Don’t block your participants’ view when pointing to pre-printed information on the flipchart.
• Leave a sheet of blank paper between each sheet of text to prevent participants from “previewing” the next page as you discuss the current one.
• If appropriate, tear off sheets and tape them to walls for future referral.
• Always have extra markers and pads of paper available.
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