Scope and Importance of School Organization

A. Relationship between Organization, Administration and Management

1. Organization

It refers to the form of the enterprise or institution and the arrangement of the human and material resources functioning in a manner to achieve the objectives of the enterprise. It represents two or more than two people respectively specializing in functions of each perform, working together towards a common goal as governed by formal rules of behavior.

2. Administration

It is concerned with the determination of corporate policy and the overall coordination of production, distribution and finance.

3. Management

It refers to the execution of policy within the limits which are established by administration and the employment of the organization as required.

Relationship

Sheldon states, “Organization is the formation of an effective machine; management, of an effective executive; administration, of an effective direction. Administration defines the goal; management strives towards it. Organization is the machine of management in its achievement of the ends determined by Administration.

B. Scope and Importance of School Organization

The scope of school organization is very vast. It includes; efficiency of the institution, securing benefits of the school through practical measures, clarification of the functions of the school, coordination of the educational programmes, sound educational planning, good direction, efficient and systematic execution. It provides close collaboration and sense of sharing responsibilities, organized purpose and dynamic approach.

Any organization plays a vital role in the life of human being. It plays different functions like; brings efficiency, guide pupil to receive right direction from the right teachers, enables the pupil to get profit from their learning, bring coordination of the student-teacher-parents-society. It provides well defined policies and programmes, favorable teaching learning situation, growth and development of human beings, make use of appropriate materials, effective development of human qualities, execution of the programmes, arrangement of the activities, efforts for attainment of the objectives etc. 

In school organization, there is a great role of economy, men, and material to achieve the desired objectives. Following there is a great role of different subject which is called the scope in the school organization.

1. Role of School Plant

It is a comprehensive term which means, building, playground, furniture, equipment, library, laboratory etc. all those physical facilities which are required for achieving various objectives of the school organization constitutes the school plant. Optimum utilization of school plant helps in achieving fruitful results and desired objectives.

2. Role of Curricular and Co-Curricular Activities

Kerr defined curriculum as, “all the learning which is planned and guided by the school whether it is carried on in a group or individually, inside the school or outside it”. He further states that it can be divided into four inter-related components i.e., curriculum objectives, knowledge, learning experiences and curriculum evaluation. 

Curricular activities involves games, sports, scouting, hiking, debates, essay writing, workshops, symposiums, naat competitions, role playing, discussion, seminars which play their important role for comprehensive development of the personality of the child.

3. Role of Human Resources

Human resources of the school are students, teaching staff and non-teaching staff. There is no betterment without teacher in the school. Proper planning and organization of teaching learning activities can only be achieved through Cooperation, willingness, involvement, fellow feelings and devotion of teachers, students, librarians, assistants, peons, etc.

4. Role of Financial Resources

Utilization and development of financial resources have its great importance in school organization. School organization requires proper budgeting, accounting and audit system because these are beneficial for making transparent policies, plans, rules and regulation.  

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Instructional Aids, Meaning of Instructional Aids, Meaning of Audiovisual Aids, Types of AV Aids, Categorization of AV Aids, Advantages of AV Aids, Characteristics of Good Instructional Aids,

Instructional Aids

•          Sensory devices used by instructors for supplying concrete basis for conceptual thinking of students and

•           Hence reducing their vague word explanations.

Meaning of Instructional Aids

•          Teaching aids which have effect on our organs of

–        Audibility and

–        Sight

•          Also known as Audiovisual Aids.

Meaning of Audiovisual Aids

•          “Audiovisual aids are those sensory objects or images which

•           initiate or

•           stimulate

•           and reinforce learning.” (Burton)

•          “Audiovisual aids are those devices by the use of which

•           communication of ideas

•           between persons and groups

•           in various teaching and training situations is helped.

•           These are also termed as multi-sensory materials.” (Edger Dale)

Types of AV Aids

1. Visual
2. Audio
3. Audiovisual

1. Visual Aids

•          The aids in which we use sense of vision. For example

•          Actual objects

•          Models

•          Pictures

•          Charts

•          Maps

•          Flash cards

•          Flannel board

•          Bulletin board

•          Slides

•          Overhead projector etc.

2. Audio Aids

•          The aids involving the sense of hearing

•          For Example

•          Radio             

•          Tape Recorder                       

3. Audiovisual Aids

•          The aids which involve the sense of

–         vision as well as

–        hearing

•          For example                                                                                   

–         Television.          

                                     

Categorization of AV Aids

1. Projected Aids
2. Non-Projected Aids

1. Projected Aids

•          Aids which help in their projection on the screen

•          Examples

•          Film strips

•          Slides

•          Film projector

•          Slide projector etc.

2. Non-Projected Aids

•          Aids which do not help in their projection on the screen

•          Examples

•          Writing-board

•          Charts

•          Actual objects

•          Models

•          Radio & tape-recorder etc.

Advantages of AV Aids

•          Create Interest

•          Mere lectures are too much of verbalism

•          Give reality to the learning situation.

•          Give vividness to the learning situation

•          Give clarity to the learning situation

•          Motivate the child and arouse his feelings of curiosity.

•          Save time and labour

•          Break monotony

•          Make the abstract ideas concrete and  make learning more effective.

•          Provide variety in the classroom situations.

•          Meet Individual Differences Requirement.

•          Good substitute for direct experiences.

Characteristics of Good Instructional Aids

•          Large enough to be seen by the students for whom they are used.

•          Meaningful and they always stand to serve a useful purpose.

•          Up to the mark and up-to-date in every respect.

•          Simple, cheap and may be easily provided.

•          Not very costly.

•          Handy and easily portable.

•          Accurate.

•          Realistic.

•          According to the mental level of the learners.

•          Informative but not just entertaining.

•          Motivate the learners.

•          Capture the attention of the students.

•          Help in the realization of stipulated learning objectives.

•          Useful for supplementing the teaching process but they cannot replace the teacher.

Limitations of AV Aids

•          Cannot be used in abstract and refined subjects.

•          Cannot replace the instructor.

Precautions for Using Instructional Aids

•          Students should be fully acquainted with the aids.

•          The aids should be fully checked up before using them in the class.

•          Should be well planned.

•          Should serve vital purpose in learning.

•          Instructor should make their use judiciously.

•          Visible to the whole class.

•          Use of writing board is good for teaching.

•          An aid should not be used just for the sake of aid.

•          should be used at the right time making it meaningful for the subject and the topic.

•          In a lesson, too many aids should not be used.

•          While using some special type of aids like radio, television, the students should be mentally prepared for it.

•          should be in proper condition, worthy of showing in the classroom situation.

•          While giving instructions and showing some aid, the teacher should not stand in front of it.

•          Aids should not be allowed to become masters in the teaching-learning process.

•          The use of different types of aids in teaching may be obligatory for sometime but ultimate goal of the teacher should be to teach well without the use of any aid

Common AV Aids used

1. Writing board.
2. Charts/flip charts.
3. Models.
4. Multimedia.
5. Overhead projector.
6. Real objects.
7. Text Books.

Writing Board

•          Different types of writing boards. For Example.

•          Chalkboard.

•          Magnetic board.

•          White or colored board.

•          Flannel board.

•          Felt board.

•          Bulletin board.

Guidelines for using writing Board

•          Use colored chalk or markers.

•          Start every class with a clean board.

•          Write neatly, clearly, and orderly.

•          Use the board to record students’ contributions

•          write instructions on the board in spite of giving them orally.

•          Keep personal supply of chalks and markers.

•          Don’t block view of the board writing.

•          Don’t write with your back to the audience.

•          Plan,practice,and execute your board writing.

Guidelines for using Charts

•          Most of the charts used in the classroom should be the work of the students.

•          Charts should be planned well in advance.

•          Make the charts simple.

•          One major point is sufficient for a chart.

•          Make them eye-catching.

•          Use colors and pictures.

•          Make them forceful. Emphasize the central idea.

•          Charts should be visible. Letters and symbols should be large enough.

•          Keep everything in proportion.

•          Avoid too much writing and printing on the charts.

•          Advantages

•          Saves time of the instructor.

•          Makes learning easier and effective.

•          Can be used repeatedly and stored for a long time.

Overhead projector

•          Different types of OHP.

•          Write on transparency as on a writing board.

•          Emphasize specific points in a lesson.

•          Present pictures, drawings, diagrams and maps.

•          Project an outline form.

•          Cover the points which are not under discussion.

•          Transparencies should be accurate and worth showing.

•          Don’t try to move the OHP while it is on.

Flips Charts

•          When designing flip chart pages for use in your sessions, ask yourself the following questions.

•          Are they clear?

•          Are they concise and well written?

•          Are they simple?

•          Are the graphic (right colours and clip art used)?

•          Do they add value?

•          Are they necessary (can points be made in other ways)?

General Tips for Use

•          Flipcharts are inexpensive, yet effective training aids for small groups up to twenty five participants (depending on room configuration).

•          They provide an easy way to capture key thoughts or to highlight information in small group settings. Some tips for using flipcharts are:

•          Place the easel so that ceiling lighting shines onto the front of the page.

•          Don’t write on the flipchart and talk at the same time. Write first; then face participants and talk.

•          Stand to the right side of the easel as you face your audience if you’re right-handed;

•          stand to the left side, if left-handed. This allows you to face your participants and easily turn to capture key discussion points on paper with your writing hand while turning pages with your free hand.

•          Don’t block your participants’ view when pointing to pre-printed information on the flipchart.

•          Leave a sheet of blank paper between each sheet of text to prevent participants from “previewing” the next page as you discuss the current one.

•          If appropriate, tear off sheets and tape them to walls for future referral.

•          Always have extra markers and pads of paper available.

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